2026's Top 10 Smart Spotlights for Flagpole Illumination

There’s something undeniably powerful about a flag flying proudly after dark, its colors vibrant against the night sky. But that impact doesn’t happen by accident—it requires thoughtful illumination. As we move into 2026, the landscape of flagpole lighting has evolved far beyond simple timers and basic floodlights. Today’s smart spotlights combine cutting-edge LED technology with intelligent automation, creating displays that are not only visually stunning but also energy-efficient, legally compliant, and seamlessly integrated into your smart home ecosystem.

Whether you’re illuminating a residential flagpole or managing lighting for a commercial property, understanding the latest advancements in smart spotlight technology is crucial for making an informed investment. This comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about selecting the perfect smart spotlight system for your flagpole, from emerging 2026 technologies to installation best practices that ensure your colors never fly in darkness.

Top 10 Smart Spotlights for Flagpole Illumination

EDISHINE 50FT Christmas Smart Low Voltage Landscape Spotlights, 300LM RGBW Color Changing Landscpae Lighting, APP Control Alexa & Google Home, IP67 Waterproof Outdoor Spot Lights for Yard GardenEDISHINE 50FT Christmas Smart Low Voltage Landscape Spotlights, 300LM RGBW Color Changing Landscpae Lighting, APP Control Alexa & Google Home, IP67 Waterproof Outdoor Spot Lights for Yard GardenCheck Price
Flag Pole Light Solar Powered with Top Mount Accessories, Dusk to Dawn Solar Flagpole Light IP67 Waterproof Upgraded Smart Charge Discharge Algorithm Technology for 12+ Hours LightingFlag Pole Light Solar Powered with Top Mount Accessories, Dusk to Dawn Solar Flagpole Light IP67 Waterproof Upgraded Smart Charge Discharge Algorithm Technology for 12+ Hours LightingCheck Price
Solar Flag Pole Light for 15-40ft Flagpole, 5 Super-Spotlights | 12000 MAH, Adjustable Clamps Fits 2-6'' Diameter Inground Flag Poles Coverage, Light Up American Flag Outdoor from Dusk to DawnSolar Flag Pole Light for 15-40ft Flagpole, 5 Super-Spotlights | 12000 MAH, Adjustable Clamps Fits 2-6'' Diameter Inground Flag Poles Coverage, Light Up American Flag Outdoor from Dusk to DawnCheck Price
Solar Flag Pole Light for 15-40ft flagpole 5 Spotlights 12000 MHA,Adjustable Clamps Fits 3-6''Diameter Inground Poles Flag Poles Coverage-Light Up American Flag Outdoor with from Dusk to Dawn (Black)Solar Flag Pole Light for 15-40ft flagpole 5 Spotlights 12000 MHA,Adjustable Clamps Fits 3-6''Diameter Inground Poles Flag Poles Coverage-Light Up American Flag Outdoor with from Dusk to Dawn (Black)Check Price

Detailed Product Reviews

1. EDISHINE 50FT Christmas Smart Low Voltage Landscape Spotlights, 300LM RGBW Color Changing Landscpae Lighting, APP Control Alexa & Google Home, IP67 Waterproof Outdoor Spot Lights for Yard Garden

EDISHINE 50FT Christmas Smart Low Voltage Landscape Spotlights, 300LM RGBW Color Changing Landscpae Lighting, APP Control Alexa & Google Home, IP67 Waterproof Outdoor Spot Lights for Yard Garden

Overview: The EDISHINE smart landscape spotlights transform ordinary yards into dynamic, colorful displays. This 50-foot kit includes four low-voltage spotlights delivering 300 lumens each with RGBW color-changing capabilities, controllable via smartphone app or voice commands through Alexa and Google Home.

What Makes It Stand Out: These lights offer remarkable smart functionality at a budget price point. The triple-mode system provides 16 million RGB colors, a cozy 3000K warm white, and bright white illumination. The 12 pre-set scenes and music sync mode create immersive outdoor experiences perfect for holidays and parties. IP67 waterproof rating and durable aluminum construction ensure year-round reliability.

Value for Money: At $19.99 for a four-light set (just $5 per fixture), this is exceptional value for app-controlled smart lighting. Comparable smart landscape lights typically cost $15-25 per unit, making this system highly cost-effective for homeowners wanting programmable outdoor ambiance without professional installation costs.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include extensive smart features, robust IP67 weatherproofing, easy tool-free installation with adjustable angles, and versatile scene customization. Weaknesses are the 2.4GHz WiFi limitation (no 5GHz support), modest 300-lumen brightness insufficient for security lighting, and potential app dependency issues if the developer stops support.

Bottom Line: The EDISHINE kit is an outstanding budget-friendly choice for decorative landscape lighting. While not suited for security purposes, its smart features, durability, and unbeatable price make it ideal for homeowners seeking customizable holiday and party lighting with minimal investment.


2. Flag Pole Light Solar Powered with Top Mount Accessories, Dusk to Dawn Solar Flagpole Light IP67 Waterproof Upgraded Smart Charge Discharge Algorithm Technology for 12+ Hours Lighting

Flag Pole Light Solar Powered with Top Mount Accessories, Dusk to Dawn Solar Flagpole Light IP67 Waterproof Upgraded Smart Charge Discharge Algorithm Technology for 12+ Hours Lighting

Overview: This solar-powered flag pole light offers an affordable solution for illuminating flags on smaller poles. Designed for 0.75" to 1" diameter flagpoles, it features an integrated solar panel, upgraded MPPT charging technology, and an inclined LED array that increases illuminated area by 50% compared to standard designs.

What Makes It Stand Out: The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technology is a standout feature rarely found in budget solar lights, optimizing charging efficiency for consistent all-night illumination even during cloudy weather. The inclined LED panel design ensures the flag remains lit regardless of wind direction, addressing a common complaint with downward-facing lights.

Value for Money: At $19.99, this represents excellent value for a specialized solar lighting fixture. Most solar flag lights with MPPT technology cost $40-60, making this an accessible entry point for homeowners wanting reliable flag illumination without complex wiring or electrical costs.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include the advanced MPPT charging algorithm, IP67 waterproof rating, commercial-grade monocrystalline silicon panel, Grade A batteries rated for five years, and tool-free installation. Weaknesses are the limited pole diameter compatibility (0.75"-1" only), unspecified lumen output, and potentially insufficient brightness for larger flags or poles over 20 feet.

Bottom Line: This is an ideal choice for residential wall-mounted or small in-ground flagpoles. The intelligent charging system and durable construction deliver reliability that exceeds its price point, though those with larger poles should consider more powerful alternatives.


3. Solar Flag Pole Light for 15-40ft Flagpole, 5 Super-Spotlights | 12000 MAH, Adjustable Clamps Fits 2-6’’ Diameter Inground Flag Poles Coverage, Light Up American Flag Outdoor from Dusk to Dawn

Solar Flag Pole Light for 15-40ft Flagpole, 5 Super-Spotlights | 12000 MAH, Adjustable Clamps Fits 2-6'' Diameter Inground Flag Poles Coverage, Light Up American Flag Outdoor from Dusk to Dawn

Overview: KARLIOBE’s premium solar flag pole light is engineered for serious flag display on substantial poles. Featuring five independently adjustable spotlights with 40 total LED bulbs and a massive 12,000mAh battery, this system delivers professional-grade illumination for flagpoles from 15 to 40 feet tall.

What Makes It Stand Out: The five super-spotlight configuration provides unmatched coverage, ensuring every fold of a large flag remains visible. The 12W solar panel and substantial battery capacity guarantee 12+ hours of operation after a single sunny day. The universal clamp system accommodates poles from 2" to 6" diameter, making it compatible with virtually any residential or commercial installation.

Value for Money: At $119.69, this is a significant investment, but justified for dedicated flag enthusiasts. Comparable commercial systems cost $150-250, and the combination of brightness, runtime, and adjustability offers strong value. The 12-hour runtime eliminates darkness concerns, providing true dusk-to-dawn performance.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include exceptional brightness, extensive pole compatibility, independent light/solar panel mounting, IP65 weather resistance, and US Flag Code compliance. Weaknesses are the IP65 rating (lower than some competitors’ IP67), complex installation requiring pole climbing, higher price point, and potential overkill for smaller flags or decorative poles.

Bottom Line: For those flying large flags on tall poles, this is a top-tier solution that ensures proper illumination and patriotic display. The investment pays dividends in reliability and coverage, making it the best choice for serious flag displays where darkness is not an option.


4. Solar Flag Pole Light for 15-40ft flagpole 5 Spotlights 12000 MHA,Adjustable Clamps Fits 3-6’‘Diameter Inground Poles Flag Poles Coverage-Light Up American Flag Outdoor with from Dusk to Dawn (Black)

Solar Flag Pole Light for 15-40ft flagpole 5 Spotlights 12000 MHA,Adjustable Clamps Fits 3-6''Diameter Inground Poles Flag Poles Coverage-Light Up American Flag Outdoor with from Dusk to Dawn (Black)

Overview: This five-spotlight solar flag pole light offers a robust lighting solution for tall flagpoles, nearly identical to competitor models but with enhanced customer service emphasis. Designed for 15-40 foot poles, it features five adjustable spotlights, a 12,000mAh battery, and 40 LED bulbs for comprehensive flag illumination throughout the night with professional results.

What Makes It Stand Out: The 24-hour online customer service and satisfaction guarantee differentiate this product from similar offerings. The independent mounting system for lights and solar panel provides installation flexibility, while the automatic daylight sensor ensures hassle-free operation. The product emphasizes US Flag Code compliance, appealing to patriotic consumers seeking reliable support and peace of mind.

Value for Money: Priced at $124.99, this is slightly more expensive than nearly identical alternatives. The premium primarily covers enhanced customer support rather than technical improvements. While still reasonable compared to commercial systems ($150-250), budget-conscious buyers may find better value elsewhere unless superior support is prioritized in their purchasing decision.

Strengths and Weaknesses: Strengths include bright five-light configuration, long 12-hour runtime, wide 2"-6" pole compatibility, IP65 weatherproofing, and dedicated customer service. Weaknesses are the IP65 rating (not IP67), higher price for equivalent hardware, and redundant features compared to less expensive competitors offering identical specifications and performance.

Bottom Line: This is a reliable, powerful flag lighting system best chosen for its customer service commitment rather than unique features. If responsive support and satisfaction guarantees matter more than saving $5-10, this is an excellent choice. Otherwise, functionally identical alternatives offer better value for budget-minded shoppers.


Why Smart Lighting is Revolutionizing Flagpole Illumination

Gone are the days of manually flipping switches or adjusting finicky mechanical timers. Smart spotlights have transformed flagpole lighting from a passive utility into an active, responsive system that adapts to changing conditions automatically. The convergence of AI-driven scheduling, advanced sensors, and robust connectivity means your flag can be properly illuminated precisely when needed—without wasting energy or requiring constant attention. This evolution represents more than convenience; it’s about honoring the flag with consistent, respectful lighting while embracing sustainable technology that reduces your environmental footprint.

Understanding Smart Spotlight Technology in 2026

The Evolution from Traditional to Intelligent Lighting

The jump from conventional halogen spotlights to smart LED systems marks one of the most significant leaps in flagpole illumination history. Traditional systems operated on simple on/off cycles, consuming excessive power and requiring frequent bulb replacements. Modern smart spotlights leverage microprocessor-controlled LEDs that can adjust brightness, color temperature, and beam patterns in real-time. In 2026, we’re seeing the integration of machine learning algorithms that analyze local weather patterns, sunset/sunrise times, and even flag movement to optimize illumination dynamically.

Key Smart Features to Expect

When evaluating 2026 models, look beyond basic app control. Advanced systems now include geofencing capabilities that detect your presence and adjust lighting accordingly, multi-zone control for properties with multiple flagpoles, and predictive maintenance alerts that notify you before components fail. Some cutting-edge spotlights even feature wind sensors that increase brightness during high winds to maintain visibility as the flag extends further from the pole.

Essential Features for Flagpole-Specific Applications

Beam Angle and Light Distribution

Flagpole lighting demands precise optics. A beam angle that’s too narrow creates hot spots and leaves portions of the flag in shadow, while an overly wide beam wastes lumens and creates light pollution. For standard 20-25 foot residential flagpoles, a 25-35 degree beam angle typically provides optimal coverage. Taller commercial poles may require multiple spotlights with 15-20 degree beams or adjustable zoom lenses that let you fine-tune the spread. The best 2026 smart spotlights offer motorized beam adjustment through the app, allowing you to perfect the coverage without climbing a ladder.

Lumen Output and Brightness Levels

The “more is better” mentality doesn’t apply to respectful flag illumination. The American Legion recommends lighting that makes the flag recognizable but not glaringly bright. For residential applications, 200-400 lumens per spotlight is usually sufficient, while commercial installations may need 600-1000 lumens. Crucially, smart spotlights should offer smooth dimming from 0-100% in 1% increments, letting you dial in the perfect brightness for your specific flag size and pole height. Look for systems with automatic brightness scaling that compensates for moonlight and ambient light from nearby sources.

Color Temperature and CRI Considerations

Flag illumination requires high color rendering to ensure reds, whites, and blues appear true to life. A Color Rendering Index (CRI) of 90+ is non-negotiable for proper respect of the flag’s colors. Color temperature preferences have shifted in 2026, with 3000K warm white gaining popularity for residential settings as it creates a classic, inviting glow. Commercial applications often prefer 4000K neutral white for maximum visibility. The most advanced smart spotlights now offer tunable white technology, letting you adjust color temperature seasonally or for special occasions.

Power Options: Solar vs. Hardwired vs. Hybrid

Solar Smart Spotlights: What’s New in 2026

Solar technology has finally matured enough to compete with hardwired systems for many applications. New-generation panels with 25%+ efficiency and integrated micro-inverters can harvest meaningful charge even on overcast days. Battery chemistry has evolved too—lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries now offer 10+ year lifespans and perform reliably in temperature extremes from -20°F to 120°F. The smartest solar spotlights include predictive weather charging, which boosts battery reserves when storms are forecasted, ensuring uninterrupted illumination during multi-day overcast periods.

Hardwired Solutions for Maximum Reliability

For critical applications where failure isn’t an option, hardwired 120V or low-voltage systems remain the gold standard. 2026’s hardwired smart spotlights feature power-over-Ethernet (PoE) options that combine power and data in a single cable, simplifying installation and enabling advanced diagnostics. These systems can integrate directly with home automation hubs without relying on wireless signals that might be compromised in severe weather. Low-voltage (12-24V) systems offer a safety advantage for DIY installations while still supporting full smart functionality.

Hybrid Systems: Best of Both Worlds

The most sophisticated approach combines solar charging with grid connectivity. These hybrid systems operate primarily on solar power to minimize energy costs but automatically switch to grid power during extended bad weather or when battery levels drop below a threshold. They also use grid power for brief “boost” periods during peak demand, preserving battery life while ensuring consistent brightness. For flag enthusiasts in variable climates, hybrid systems represent the ultimate in reliability and sustainability.

Smart Home Integration Protocols

Wi-Fi vs. Bluetooth vs. Zigbee vs. Matter

Connectivity choice impacts everything from range to reliability. Wi-Fi 6E spotlights offer the highest bandwidth and direct cloud connectivity but may struggle with range in large properties. Bluetooth 5.3 provides excellent local control with minimal power drain but requires a hub for remote access. Zigbee 3.0 creates robust mesh networks where each device extends the range of others, ideal for complex installations. Matter, the new universal standard gaining traction in 2026, promises seamless interoperability across all major platforms while maintaining local control when internet is unavailable. For future-proofing, Matter-compatible spotlights are the wisest investment.

Voice Assistant Compatibility

Alexa, Google Assistant, and Siri integration has become standard, but depth of integration varies. The best systems allow you to create custom commands like “Alexa, illuminate the colors” or “Hey Google, set flag lighting to ceremonial mode.” Look for spotlights that support multi-factor authentication and local processing to ensure your flag lighting works even during internet outages—a critical consideration for proper flag etiquette.

Installation and Positioning Best Practices

Optimal Placement for Flag Coverage

The rule of thumb hasn’t changed: position spotlights at the pole’s base, angled upward at 30-45 degrees, and spaced evenly around the circumference. For a single spotlight, place it directly beneath the pole with a wide beam. Two-light setups should be positioned 180 degrees apart, while three-light triangular arrangements provide the most even coverage for taller poles. 2026’s smart spotlights with built-in leveling sensors and AR-assisted aiming through your smartphone camera take the guesswork out of positioning, showing you a real-time preview of the illuminated area before you tighten any bolts.

Professional vs. DIY Installation

While many smart spotlights are marketed as DIY-friendly, flagpole lighting has unique challenges. Running conduit to the pole base, ensuring proper grounding, and achieving precise beam alignment often justify professional installation. Expect to pay $300-800 for professional installation depending on wiring complexity and pole height. However, solar and low-voltage systems with magnetic mounting options have made DIY more viable than ever. If you choose the DIY route, prioritize models with detailed installation videos and live chat support from manufacturers who understand flag etiquette requirements.

Durability and Weather Resistance Standards

IP Ratings Decoded

Flagpole spotlights face relentless exposure to the elements. An IP65 rating is the absolute minimum, protecting against water jets from any direction. IP67 (temporary immersion protection) is better for areas prone to flooding or heavy snow accumulation. The most robust 2026 models carry IP68 ratings and are submersible-tested, ensuring they’ll survive even if your yard experiences unexpected standing water. Don’t overlook the IP rating of connectors and junction boxes—these are often the failure points in otherwise robust systems.

Materials and Construction Quality

Maritime-grade 316 stainless steel housings resist corrosion in coastal environments where salt spray destroys lesser materials. For inland applications, powder-coated aluminum offers an excellent balance of durability and weight. Lens material matters too—toughened glass with anti-reflective coatings maintains optical clarity for decades, while quality plastics may yellow or craze after a few years of UV exposure. Internal components should be potted or conformal-coated to protect against moisture intrusion and vibration from high winds.

Energy Efficiency and Sustainability

LED Advancements in 2026

The latest LEDs achieve 180+ lumens per watt, nearly double the efficiency of 2020 models. This means you can achieve the same illumination with half the power consumption. More importantly, new flip-chip LED designs dissipate heat more effectively, extending lifespan beyond 100,000 hours. Some smart spotlights now include “flag-friendly” modes that reduce intensity by 20% during calm nights when the flag hangs limp, saving energy without compromising visibility.

Smart Scheduling and Dimming Benefits

Intelligent scheduling goes beyond sunset/sunrise tracking. Advanced systems integrate with local astronomical data to adjust for civil, nautical, and astronomical twilight, ensuring your flag is illuminated during the precise period required by flag code. Adaptive dimming can reduce brightness during low-wind conditions and boost it during storms, typically reducing energy consumption by 30-40% compared to static brightness systems. When combined with solar power, this can make your flag lighting effectively carbon-neutral.

The U.S. Flag Code provides specific guidance on illumination: the flag should be displayed only from sunrise to sunset unless properly illuminated during darkness. “Proper illumination” means the flag should be recognizable by the casual observer. Smart spotlights help ensure compliance through redundant systems—if one light fails, others automatically compensate, and you’ll receive immediate alerts. Some municipalities have light pollution ordinances that restrict brightness after certain hours; geofencing features can automatically dim lights to comply with local regulations while maintaining full brightness during permitted hours.

Aesthetic and Design Factors

Fixture Styles and Finishes

2026’s smart spotlights abandon the utilitarian look of early models. Modern fixtures come in architectural bronze, matte black, verdigris copper, and even custom color-matched finishes that blend seamlessly with landscaping. Low-profile designs mount flush with the ground or hide within decorative bollards. For historic properties, some manufacturers offer traditional lantern-style housings that conceal cutting-edge technology within classic aesthetics.

Minimizing Light Pollution

Good flag lighting directs photons upward, not into neighbors’ windows or the night sky. Advanced optics with sharp cutoff angles prevent upward light scatter, while shields and baffles keep light focused on the flag. Smart controls let you set “courtesy dimming” during late-night hours (e.g., 11 PM to 5 AM) when fewer people are likely to view the flag. This respect for dark sky principles can also help you avoid neighbor disputes and potential code violations.

Budget Considerations and Total Cost of Ownership

A quality smart spotlight system represents a significant investment, with residential setups ranging from $150 to $600 per fixture plus installation. However, the total cost of ownership often favors smart systems within 3-5 years. Factor in energy savings (typically $30-50 annually per fixture vs. halogen), eliminated bulb replacements (smart LEDs last decades), and avoided fines from lighting failures. Commercial-grade systems with extended warranties and remote monitoring capabilities can reduce maintenance costs by 70% compared to traditional setups.

Troubleshooting Common Smart Spotlight Issues

Connectivity drops are the most frequent complaint, often resolved by ensuring your spotlight isn’t blocked by metal siding or competing with too many Wi-Fi devices. Firmware updates can occasionally reset custom schedules—always back up your configurations to the cloud or export them after setup. False triggers from passing car headlights or animals can be eliminated by adjusting motion sensor sensitivity and using AI-based filtering that distinguishes between flag movement and environmental noise. Most premium 2026 models include self-diagnostic modes that run weekly checks and send detailed reports to your phone.

Future-Proofing Your Flagpole Lighting Investment

The smart home landscape evolves rapidly, so prioritize systems with over-the-air firmware updates and modular designs that allow component upgrades. A spotlight with a replaceable LED module and upgradable control board will serve you for decades. Consider platforms with active developer communities and open APIs, ensuring compatibility with future technologies we can’t yet predict. Battery backup systems that can be easily swapped as chemistry improves will prevent your investment from becoming obsolete. Finally, choose manufacturers committed to long-term software support—ideally guaranteeing updates for at least 10 years from purchase.

Frequently Asked Questions

What makes a spotlight “smart” for flagpole use?

A smart spotlight for flagpole illumination includes connectivity for remote control, automated scheduling based on astronomical data, sensors that adjust brightness based on conditions, and failsafe systems that alert you to malfunctions. Unlike standard smart lights, flagpole-specific models prioritize beam precision, weather resistance, and compliance with flag etiquette requirements.

How many lumens do I need to properly illuminate my flag?

For residential flagpoles up to 25 feet, 200-400 lumens per spotlight is ideal. Commercial poles 30-40 feet tall typically require 600-1000 lumens. The key is having adjustable brightness so you can fine-tune the illumination to make the flag recognizable without creating glare or light pollution.

Are solar smart spotlights reliable enough for year-round use?

Modern solar smart spotlights with LiFePO4 batteries and 25%+ efficient panels are reliable in most climates, especially 2026 models with predictive weather charging. However, in regions with fewer than 4 hours of daily winter sun or extreme temperatures, hybrid or hardwired systems provide better year-round reliability.

What’s the difference between IP65 and IP68 ratings for flagpole lights?

IP65 protects against water jets from any direction, suitable for rain and snow. IP68 ensures protection against continuous immersion, important for areas prone to flooding or where lights might be submerged during heavy snowmelt. For most installations, IP67 offers the best balance of protection and cost.

Can I integrate flagpole lights with my existing smart home system?

Yes, if you choose lights supporting compatible protocols. Matter-compatible spotlights work with all major platforms (Alexa, Google Home, Apple HomeKit). Wi-Fi models connect directly, while Zigbee and Z-Wave versions require a hub. Always verify compatibility with your specific ecosystem before purchasing.

How do I prevent light pollution while still properly illuminating my flag?

Use spotlights with narrow beam angles (25-35 degrees) positioned close to the pole base, and enable “courtesy dimming” during late-night hours. Advanced optics with sharp cutoff angles and built-in shields direct light upward only. Smart scheduling can reduce brightness when fewer observers are present.

What happens to smart features during a power outage?

Hardwired systems lose smart control but may have battery backup for basic illumination. Solar and hybrid systems continue operating normally during outages. Models with local processing maintain schedules even without internet. For critical applications, choose systems with cellular backup connectivity.

How long do smart LED spotlights actually last?

Quality LEDs in 2026 last 50,000-100,000+ hours (15-30 years of nightly use). The smart control modules typically last 10-15 years. Look for modular designs where the LED array and control board can be replaced independently, extending the system’s total lifespan significantly.

Do I need a professional installer or can I do this myself?

DIY installation is feasible for solar and low-voltage systems with magnetic mounts and app-assisted aiming. Hardwired 120V systems and tall commercial flagpoles generally require professional installation for safety and code compliance. Factor in $300-800 for professional installation when budgeting.

How do smart spotlights handle flag etiquette requirements for illumination timing?

Advanced systems integrate with astronomical databases to automatically illuminate from sunset to sunrise, adjusting for your exact location and date. They include redundant lighting and failure alerts to ensure continuous illumination. Some can even detect when the flag is at half-staff and adjust lighting patterns accordingly.